Sub-fields:

• Ageing population
• Demographic indicators (fertility, mortality, mobility)
• Epidemiology transition
• The burden of disease
• Valuation of health (include human capital, labour market outcomes, wellbeing)
• Health outcome measurement
• Non-health outcome measurement (including capability approach, wellbeing)

Sub-fields:

• Social determinant (gender, education, income, wealth, employment, financial crises, political, and cultural boundaries)
• Environmental determinant of health (climate change, pollution, disasters, health security)
• Family economics and social interaction
• Non-medical health promotion and policies (digitalization and social media)

Sub-fields:

• Risky health behaviors
• Behavior to improve health status (physical activity, stress management, health foods)
• Behavioral economics
• Policies and intervention for targeted behaviors

Sub-fields:

• Unemployment and poverty
• The long-term effects of COVID (long COVID)
• Lifestyle changes in purchasing, preparing, and consuming food
• The rise of instant foods
• Digital consultation/telemedicine
• Mental health/mental illness, e.g., increase in prevalence of depression
• Service utilization post-pandemic COVID-19

Sub-fields:

• Health care labor markets
• Health services setting (community-based, hospital, long-term care, integrated care, and others)
• Public health services and laboratories
• Pharmaceutical product and medical devices
• Digital health (e-health/ m-health/ telehealth/ telemedicine/ teleconsultation)
• Genomics and precision medicine
• System organization
• Quality of care
• Healthcare workers
• Logistics, pharmaceutical, and health device management
• Economic evaluation (cost effectiveness analysis, cost benefit analysis, resource benefit and costing, modelling economic evaluation, equity in economic evaluation, others)
• Health technology assessment
• Surveillance and digitalization system
• Inequity and Disparity at all health system level
• Impact assessment of system wide policy change

Sub-fields:

• Public financing management (fiscal space for government funding of health care, national health accounts, health expenditures trends)
• Voluntary health insurance
• Mandatory health insurance system
• Financing universal health coverage
• Strategic purchasing (contracting, provider payment mechanisms, pay-for performance, pricing)

Sub-fields:

• Demand for health insurance
• Demand for insurance for targeted population
• Influence on utilization
• Barriers to access individual health service
• Supply and demand for private insurance
• Monitoring and evaluation of universal health coverage

Sub-fields:

• Implementation of tobacco tax and excise tax for health services
• Tobacco farming and marketing
• Research and policy related to e-Cigarette, vape, and others unhealthy tobacco product.
• Tobacco control policy

Sub-fields:

• Maternal, infants, child, and adolescents’ health
• Older population / ageing population
• Productive age groups
• Indigenous populations
• Palliative care
• Physical and mental disability
• Migrant population

• Theoretical development
• Political economics
• Inclusivity and diversity
• Decentralization
• Econometric developments
• Microsimulation
• Qualitative health economics research